Kidney Stones Explained: Renal Calculi or Nephrolithiasis

Renal calculi, also known as kidney stones or nephrolithiasis, are solid accumulations of minerals that form in the kidneys and line the urinary tract. Some stones do not grow large and show no symptoms, while others can lead to discomfort, nausea, and traces of blood in the urine.

The treatment prescribed for kidney stones is largely based on their size and the associated symptoms. This could range from over-the-counter painkillers while the stone is allowed to pass naturally, to the implementation of medical procedures for the removal, or breaking down, of the stone. Healthcare providers may also provide advice on how to prevent the formation of kidney stones in the future.

It is estimated that 10.1% of people in the US will develop kidney stones at some point in their lifetime. Therefore, it's crucial to understand the symptoms, know when to seek medical attention, and be aware of the available treatment options.

Kidney stones are classified according to their mineral composition. These can include:

Pain is a prominent symptom of kidney stones, with larger stones generally causing more discomfort. Pain usually lasts 20 to 60 minutes and can occur intermittently, most commonly in the back, stomach, flanks, and pelvic region. Thankfully, once the stones have passed, the pain tends to dissipate.

Other symptoms associated with kidney stones include:

Kidney stones can develop due to various factors, including:

If kidney stone symptoms are present, it's advisable to seek medical attention promptly to alleviate pain and mitigate the risk of complications. Medical professionals will conduct a physical examination, take a medical history, and possibly order further diagnostic tests, which could involve:

In some cases, healthcare providers can ascertain the composition of a stone through a CT scan and stone analysis. For example, calcium stones could appear denser than those made of cystine or magnesium ammonium phosphate.

Healthcare providers may suggest medical interventions along with supportive care to help individuals manage kidney stone symptoms and expedite their removal.

A urologist, a specialist in disorders of the urinary tract, may collaborate with the patient's primary care provider to guide the removal process. This could potentially involve the following procedures:

Supportive care for kidney stones may concentrate on:

If there is a family history of kidney stones, it can be beneficial to proactively take preventive measures. Common preventive strategies include:

Patients who have had kidney stones in the past may be prescribed medication or dietary supplements by their healthcare provider to lower the risk of recurrence. It's crucial to follow these instructions to decrease the chances of developing another kidney stone.

While serious complications are not common, kidney stones can sometimes cause kidney obstruction, a condition where the stone is so large that it blocks the flow of urine from the kidneys. This can lead to a urinary infection, sepsis, or even life-threatening illness. There is also a 2 to 3% chance that patients with kidney stones may experience end-stage renal failure. Immediate medical attention can lower the likelihood of these complications.

With kidney stones resulting in more than half a million emergency room visits annually in the US, preventative care is crucial. If possible, patients should get their kidney stones tested, and make necessary dietary and lifestyle adjustments to minimize the likelihood of recurrence. By staying hydrated and following the care plan recommended by their healthcare provider, patients can increase their chances of passing kidney stones quickly and decrease the risk of future development.